Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 262 Records) |
Query Trace: Eng B[original query] |
---|
At-home diagnostics solutions for chlamydia and gonorrhea
Kersh EN , Mena LA . Jama 2024 This Viewpoint discusses the US Food and Drug Administration’s authorization of marketing an at-home testing system for chlamydia and gonorrhea as a good first step in boosting access to screening and treatment and in reducing infection rates. | eng |
Testing the shock protection performance of Type I construction helmets using impactors of different masses
Wu JZ , Pan CS , Ronaghi M , Wimer BM . Biomed Mater Eng 2024 BACKGROUND: Wearing protective helmets is an important prevention strategy to reduce work-related traumatic brain injuries. The existing standardized testing systems are used for quality control and do not provide a quantitative measure of the helmet performance. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the failure characterizations of Type I industrial helmets and develop a generalized approach to quantify the shock absorption performance of Type I industrial helmets based on the existing standardized setups. METHODS: A representative basic Type I construction helmet model was selected for the study. Top impact tests were performed on the helmets at different drop heights using two different impactor masses (3.6 and 5.0 kg). RESULTS: When the helmets were impacted with potential impact energies smaller than the critical potential impact energy values, there was a consistent relationship between the peak impact force and the potential impact energy. When the helmets were impacted under potential impact energies greater than the critical potential impact energy values, the peak impact forces increased steeply with increasing potential impact energy. CONCLUSION: A concept of safety margin for construction helmets based on potential impact energy was introduced to quantify the helmets' shock absorption performance. The proposed method will help helmet manufacturers improve their product quality. |
Assessing the real-world effectiveness of immunizations for respiratory syncytial virus
Dawood FS , Payne AB , McMorrow ML . Jama 2024 This Viewpoint discusses recommendations from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for newly licensed immunizations for respiratory syncytial virus in infants, children with high-risk conditions, and older adults. | eng |
Neutralization of rubella vaccine virus and immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived rubella viruses by intravenous immunoglobulins
Chen MH , Perelygina L , Hao L , Beard RS , Lackner C , Farcet MR , Karbiener M , Icenogle J , Kreil TR . J Infect Dis 2024 The association between granulomas and vaccine-derived rubella virus (VDRV) in people with primary immune deficiencies (PID) has raised concerns about the ability of immunoglobulin (IG) preparations to neutralize VDRVs. We investigated the capacity of IG to neutralize rubella vaccine virus and four VDRV strains. As expected, the rubella vaccine virus itself was potently neutralized by IG preparations; however, the VDRV isolates from patients after intra-host evolution, 2-6 times less so. Diagnosis of immune deficiencies before possible live-virus vaccination is thus of critical importance, while IG replacement therapy can be expected to provide protection from rubella virus infection. | The occurrence of granulomas associated with vaccine derived rubella viruses (VDRV) in people with primary immune deficiencies (PID) challenges immunoglobulin (IG) preparations regarding their rubella neutralizing ability. This study confirmed potent rubella virus neutralization capacity of IG preparations and thus suggests protection of IG-treated PID patients against rubella. The study also highlights the importance of early diagnosis and timely given IG to prevent possible systemic spread of VDRV persisting locally in granulomas. | eng |
Experimental study on the thermal protection enhancement of novel phase change material integrated structural firefighting gloves under high-heat exposures
Wang X , Zhao W , Pollard J , Xu SS . Case Stud Therm Eng 2024 56 Phase change material (PCM) has been widely studied for efficient thermal management. This work is the first holistic experimental research on the temperature control performance of PCM-integrated firefighters' gloves. The results showed that the thermal protection time could be extended by 2-5 times in the direct contact to hot object tests and around 1.5 times under the radiant/convective heat source tests when embedding a 1-mm-thick PCM layer in gloves. The PCM of melting point 68 °C showed the best thermal protection performance in all test conditions since it had the most efficient phase change function during the heating process. Considering the PCM location effect, the PCM with lower melting point (68 °C) showed better performance when located close to external environment (heat source) and the PCM with higher melting point (108 °C and 151 °C) showed better performance when located close to hand. The optimum PCM thickness would be in the range of 0.5-1.0 mm for both thermal protection improvement and hand dexterity purposes. In addition, the time for continuous temperature rises on the hand surface at post-heat exposure was longer when embedding PCM in firefighters’ gloves due to the stored latent heat in PCM. © 2024 The Authors |
Access to high-resolution anoscopy among persons with HIV and abnormal anal cytology results
Rim SH , Saraiya M , Beer L , Tie Y , Yuan X , Weiser J . JAMA Netw Open 2024 7 (3) e240068 This cross-sectional study evaluates use and availability of follow-up anoscopy among persons at highest risk for anal cancer. | eng |
Prevalence and features of fungal keratitis among US patients with commercial health insurance
Benedict K , Gold JAW , Smith DJ . JAMA Ophthalmol 2024 This cases series estimates fungal keratitis prevalence among US patients with commercial insurance. | eng |
Reasons for nonparticipation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women, Infants, And Children
Terry AL , Wambogo E , Scanlon KS , Fryar CD , Abelev M , Reat A , Ogden CL . JAMA Pediatr 2024 This cross-sectional study evaluates reasons reported for not participating in or withdrawing participation from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children from 2019 to March 2020. | eng |
Vaccine-associated varicella and rubella infections in severe combined immunodeficiency with isolated CD4 lymphocytopenia and mutations in IL7R detected by tandem whole exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray.
Bayer DK , Martinez CA , Sorte HS , Forbes LR , Demmler-Harrison GJ , Hanson IC , Pearson NM , Noroski LM , Zaki SR , Bellini WJ , Leduc MS , Yang Y , Eng CM , Patel A , Rodningen OK , Muzny DM , Gibbs RA , Campbell IM , Shaw CA , Baker MW , Zhang V , Lupski JR , Orange JS , Seeborg FO , Stray-Pedersen A . Clin Exp Immunol 2014 178 (3) 459-69 In areas without newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), disease-defining infections may lead to diagnosis, and in some cases, may not be identified prior to the first year of life. We describe a female infant who presented with disseminated vaccine-acquired varicella (VZV) and vaccine-acquired rubella infections at 13 months of age. Immunological evaluations demonstrated neutropenia, isolated CD4 lymphocytopenia, the presence of CD8(+) T cells, poor lymphocyte proliferation, hypergammaglobulinaemia and poor specific antibody production to VZV infection and routine immunizations. A combination of whole exome sequencing and custom-designed chromosomal microarray with exon coverage of primary immunodeficiency genes detected compound heterozygous mutations (one single nucleotide variant and one intragenic copy number variant involving one exon) within the IL7R gene. Mosaicism for wild-type allele (20-30%) was detected in pretransplant blood and buccal DNA and maternal engraftment (5-10%) demonstrated in pretransplant blood DNA. This may be responsible for the patient's unusual immunological phenotype compared to classical interleukin (IL)-7Rα deficiency. Disseminated VZV was controlled with anti-viral and immune-based therapy, and umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation was successful. Retrospectively performed T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) analyses completed on neonatal Guthrie cards identified absent TREC. This case emphasizes the danger of live viral vaccination in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patients and the importance of newborn screening to identify patients prior to high-risk exposures. It also illustrates the value of aggressive pathogen identification and treatment, the influence newborn screening can have on morbidity and mortality and the significant impact of newer genomic diagnostic tools in identifying the underlying genetic aetiology for SCID patients. |
Trends in out-of-pocket costs for and characteristics of pharmacy-dispensed naloxone by payer type
Jiang X , Strahan AE , Zhang K , Guy GP Jr . Jama 2024 This study examines mean yearly out-of-pocket cost for naloxone dispensed from retail pharmacies by payer between 2018 and 2022 and by prescription characteristics and payer in 2022. | eng |
2020 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Équateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective genomic characterisation
Kinganda-Lusamaki E , Whitmer S , Lokilo-Lofiko E , Amuri-Aziza A , Muyembe-Mawete F , Makangara-Cigolo JC , Makaya G , Mbuyi F , Whitesell A , Kallay R , Choi M , Pratt C , Mukadi-Bamuleka D , Kavunga-Membo H , Matondo-Kuamfumu M , Mambu-Mbika F , Ekila-Ifinji R , Shoemaker T , Stewart M , Eng J , Rajan A , Soke GN , Fonjungo PN , Otshudiema JO , Folefack GLT , Pukuta-Simbu E , Talundzic E , Shedroff E , Bokete JL , Legand A , Formenty P , Mores CN , Porzucek AJ , Tritsch SR , Kombe J , Tshapenda G , Mulangu F , Ayouba A , Delaporte E , Peeters M , Wiley MR , Montgomery JM , Klena JD , Muyembe-Tamfum JJ , Ahuka-Mundeke S , Mbala-Kingebeni P . Lancet Microbe 2024 BACKGROUND: The Democratic Republic of the Congo has had 15 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks, from 1976 to 2023. On June 1, 2020, the Democratic Republic of the Congo declared an outbreak of EVD in the western Équateur Province (11th outbreak), proximal to the 2018 Tumba and Bikoro outbreak and concurrent with an outbreak in the eastern Nord Kivu Province. In this Article, we assessed whether the 11th outbreak was genetically related to previous or concurrent EVD outbreaks and connected available epidemiological and genetic data to identify sources of possible zoonotic spillover, uncover additional unreported cases of nosocomial transmission, and provide a deeper investigation into the 11th outbreak. METHODS: We analysed epidemiological factors from the 11th EVD outbreak to identify patient characteristics, epidemiological links, and transmission modes to explore virus spread through space, time, and age groups in the Équateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trained field investigators and health professionals recorded data on suspected, probable, and confirmed cases, including demographic characteristics, possible exposures, symptom onset and signs and symptoms, and potentially exposed contacts. We used blood samples from individuals who were live suspected cases and oral swabs from individuals who were deceased to diagnose EVD. We applied whole-genome sequencing of 87 available Ebola virus genomes (from 130 individuals with EVD between May 19 and Sept 16, 2020), phylogenetic divergence versus time, and Bayesian reconstruction of phylogenetic trees to calculate viral substitution rates and study viral evolution. We linked the available epidemiological and genetic datasets to conduct a genomic and epidemiological study of the 11th EVD outbreak. FINDINGS: Between May 19 and Sept 16, 2020, 130 EVD (119 confirmed and 11 probable) cases were reported across 13 Équateur Province health zones. The individual identified as the index case reported frequent consumption of bat meat, suggesting the outbreak started due to zoonotic spillover. Sequencing revealed two circulating Ebola virus variants associated with this outbreak-a Mbandaka variant associated with the majority (97%) of cases and a Tumba-like variant with similarity to the ninth EVD outbreak in 2018. The Tumba-like variant exhibited a reduced substitution rate, suggesting transmission from a previous survivor of EVD. INTERPRETATION: Integrating genetic and epidemiological data allowed for investigative fact-checking and verified patient-reported sources of possible zoonotic spillover. These results demonstrate that rapid genetic sequencing combined with epidemiological data can inform responders of the mechanisms of viral spread, uncover novel transmission modes, and provide a deeper understanding of the outbreak, which is ultimately needed for infection prevention and control during outbreaks. FUNDING: WHO and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. |
Substantial but spatially heterogeneous progress in male circumcision for HIV prevention in South Africa
Thomas ML , Zuma K , Loykissoonlal D , Dube ZB , Vranken P , Porter SE , Kripke K , Seatlhodi T , Meyer-Rath G , Johnson LF , Imai-Eaton JW . Commun Med (Lond) 2024 4 (1) 1 BACKGROUND: Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) reduces the risk of male HIV acquisition by 60%. Programmes to provide VMMCs for HIV prevention have been introduced in sub-Saharan African countries with high HIV burden. Traditional circumcision is also a long-standing male coming-of-age ritual, but practices vary considerably across populations. Accurate estimates of circumcision coverage by age, type, and time at subnational levels are required for planning and delivering VMMCs to meet targets and evaluating their impacts on HIV incidence. METHODS: We developed a Bayesian competing risks time-to-event model to produce region-age-time-type specific probabilities and coverage of male circumcision with probabilistic uncertainty. The model jointly synthesises data from household surveys and health system data on the number of VMMCs conducted. We demonstrated the model using data from five household surveys and VMMC programme data to produce estimates of circumcision coverage for 52 districts in South Africa between 2008 and 2019. RESULTS: Nationally, in 2008, 24.1% (95% CI: 23.4-24.8%) of men aged 15-49 were traditionally circumcised and 19.4% (18.9-20.0%) were medically circumcised. Between 2010 and 2019, 4.25 million VMMCs were conducted. Circumcision coverage among men aged 15-49 increased to 64.0% (63.2-64.9%) and medical circumcision coverage to 42% (41.3-43.0%). Circumcision coverage varied widely across districts, ranging from 13.4 to 86.3%. The average age of traditional circumcision ranged between 13 and 19 years, depending on local cultural practices. CONCLUSION: South Africa has made substantial, but heterogeneous, progress towards increasing medical circumcision coverage. Detailed subnational information on coverage and practices can guide programmes to identify unmet need to achieve national and international targets. | Voluntary medical male circumcision reduces the risk of male HIV acquisition. Programmes to provide circumcisions for HIV prevention have been introduced in sub-Saharan African countries with high HIV burden. Estimates of circumcision coverage are needed for planning and delivering circumcisions to meet targets and evaluate their impacts on HIV incidence. We developed a model to integrate date from both household surveys and health systems on the number of circumcisions conducted, and applied it to understand how the practices and coverage of circumcision are changing in South Africa. National circumcision coverage increased considerably between 2008 and 2019, however, there remains a substantial subnational variation across districts and age groups. Further progress is needed to reach national and international targets. | eng |
Lessons from the Mpox response
Daskalakis D , Romanik N , Jha AK . JAMA 2024 This Viewpoint discusses 3 key lessons from the mpox response that can help better manage infectious disease outbreaks in the future. | eng |
A literature review on safety perception and trust during human-robot interaction with autonomous mobile robots that apply to industrial environments
Haney JM , Liang CJ . IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2024 1-22 Occupational ApplicationsAutonomous mobile robots are used in manufacturing and warehousing industries, to transport material across the facility and deliver parts to work cells. Human workers might encounter or interact with these robots in aisle ways or at their workstation. It is important to consider factors that impact worker safety and trust when implementing autonomous mobile robots in the workplace. This paper reviews prior research that aims to improve the safety of human-robot interaction with autonomous mobile robots and identifies needs for future research. Researchers used a variety of questionnaires and behavioral assessment methods to measure perceived safety. Factors such as robot appearance, approach speed, and approach direction, significantly affect perceived safety. Additionally, projection of signals on the floor, turn signals, and haptic communication devices, can improve the predictability and overall safety of robot navigation. | Introduction: Autonomous mobile robots are rapidly emerging in the workplace, which potentially creates new hazards for human workers that interact with them.Purpose: We aimed to systematically review previous research on human-robot interaction with autonomous mobile robots that apply to industrial environments, and to identify research needs to improve worker safety and trust.Methods: We completed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology. We focused on articles that contained experiments with human participants and that included findings associated with improving safety and/or trust of workers who interact with mobile robots in industrial environments. We identified 50 articles that fit inclusion/exclusion criteria for the review.Results: Almost all of the reported experiments were conducted in a controlled laboratory setting. There were 27 different types of autonomous mobile robots. Only two studies involved industrial mobile robots that were commercially available and could be implemented in an industrial environment. Most studies used questionnaires, with the most common topic relating to participant perceptions of various robot traits, while few directly evaluated perceived safety and trust using questionnaires. Behavioral and physiological assessment methods were used in 70% and 8% of the studies, respectively. Separation distance between the participant and robot was the most common behavioral assessment method. A variety of robot characteristics were found to have a significant effect on human perception of safety and other similar concepts.Conclusions: Future research requires rigorous reporting of participant demographics and experience level with robots. We found that 34% and 44% of references failed to report the mean age of their participant sample and their experience with robots, respectively. Among several gaps that we identified in the literature were a lack of field experiments, sparse research involving multiple mobile robots, and limited use of industrial mobile robots in experiments with human participants. | eng |
Progressive massive fibrosis identified at federally funded black lung clinics in the US
Harris DA , Almberg KS , Blackley DJ , Cohen RA , Edwards C , Johnson B , Hall NB . JAMA 2024 This study of US Black Lung Clinics (established to treat coal miners) reports the prevalence of progressive massive fibrosis identified through June 2023. | eng |
The Nairobi Declaration 2023: A commitment to address deadly yet neglected fungal diseases in Africa
Osaigbovo II , Govender NP , Jordan AM , Bongomin F , Meya DB , Kanyua A , Mashedi OM , Koffi D , Loyse A , Sturny-Leclère A , Gangneux JP , Denning DW , Chiller T , Cornely O , Oladele RO . Med Mycol 2023 On May 30th and 31st, 2023, delegates representing various African subregions, together with global representatives from the International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM,) United States Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Global Action for Fungal Infections (GAFFI), convened in Nairobi, Kenya under the aegis of the Pan African Mycology Working Group, a working group of ISHAM. The meeting objectives were, amongst others, to deliberate on a continental response to the World Health Organization Fungal Priority Pathogen List and facilitate interaction between global and regional leaders. Country delegates and international speakers addressed Africa's fungal disease burden; capacity for diagnosis and management; ongoing surveillance; knowledge gaps and trends in invasive fungal diseases such as Candida auris, mucormycosis, aspergillosis and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related mycoses; and current laboratory practice. During the technical sessions, expert panels deliberated on establishing and financing of national/regional surveillance networks for mycoses; establishing and sustaining African-led collaborations; expanding on existing laboratory and point of care diagnostic capacity as well as planning a mycology reference laboratory service and network in Africa. The meeting also highlighted successful African-led collaborations, capacity building and clinical trial initiatives. The meeting conclusions informed the resolutions of the Nairobi Declaration calling for improved awareness; strong collaborations between clinical and laboratory teams across Africa; improved fungal disease surveillance within the continent; access to antifungals and diagnostics; and leveraging qualified human resources for mycology present within and outside Africa to facilitate trainings, collaborations and exchanges. | This review presents the current state of the art in medical mycology in Africa discussed at the first scientific meeting of the Pan African Mycology Working Group, an affiliate of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) held in Nairobi, Kenya on May 30th and 31st, 2023. | eng |
Cryogenic air supply feasibility for a confined space: Underground refuge alternative case study
Yan L , Yantek DS , DeGennaro CR , Srednicki JR , Lambie B , Carr J . ASME J Heat Mass Transf 2024 146 (3) A breathable air source is required for a confined space such as an underground refuge alternative (RA) when it is occupied. To minimize the risk of suffocation, federal regulations require that mechanisms be provided and procedures be included so that, within the refuge alternative, the oxygen concentration is maintained at levels between 18.5% and 23% for 96 h. The regulation also requires that, during use of the RA, the concentration of carbon dioxide should not exceed 1%, and the concentration of carbon monoxide should not exceed 25 ppm. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) evaluated the cryogenic air supply's ability to provide breathable air for a refuge alternative. A propane smoker was used to simulate human breathing by burning propane gas which will consume O(2) and generate CO(2) and H(2)O. The rate of propane burned at the smoker was controlled to represent the O(2) consumption rate for the breathing of a certain number of people. Two 96-h tests were conducted in a sealed shipping container, which was used as a surrogate for a refuge alternative. While burning propane gas to simulate human oxygen consumption, cryogenic air was provided to the shipping container to determine if the cryogenic air supply would keep the O(2) level above 18.5% and CO(2) level below 1% inside the shipping container as required by the federal regulations pertaining to refuge alternatives. Both of the 96-h tests simulated the breathing of 21 persons. The first test used the oxygen consumption rate (1.32 cu ft of pure oxygen per hour per person) specified in federal regulations, while the second test used the oxygen consumption rate specified by (Bernard et al. 2018, "Estimation of Metabolic Heat Input for Refuge Alternative Thermal Testing and Simulation," Min. Eng., 70(8), pp. 50-54) (0.67 cu ft of pure oxygen per hour per person). The test data shows that during both 96-h tests, the oxygen level was maintained within a 21-23% range, and the CO(2) level was maintained below 1% (0.2-0.45%). The information in this paper could be useful when applying a cryogenic air supply as a breathable air source for an underground refuge alternative or other confined space. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4064062]. |
Pharmacokinetic study of islatravir and etonogestrel implants in macaques
Daly MB , Wong-Sam A , Li L , Krovi A , Gatto GJ , Norton C , Luecke EH , Mrotz V , Forero C , Cottrell ML , Schauer AP , Gary J , Nascimento-Seixas J , Mitchell J , van der Straten A , Heneine W , Garcίa-Lerma JG , Dobard CW , Johnson LM . Pharmaceutics 2023 15 (12) The prevention of HIV and unintended pregnancies is a public health priority. Multi-purpose prevention technologies capable of long-acting HIV and pregnancy prevention are desirable for women. Here, we utilized a preclinical macaque model to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of biodegradable ε-polycaprolactone implants delivering the antiretroviral islatravir (ISL) and the contraceptive etonogestrel (ENG). Three implants were tested: ISL-62 mg, ISL-98 mg, and ENG-33 mg. Animals received one or two ISL-eluting implants, with doses of 42, 66, or 108 µg of ISL/day with or without an additional ENG-33 mg implant (31 µg/day). Drug release increased linearly with dose with median [range] plasma ISL levels of 1.3 [1.0-2.5], 1.9 [1.2-6.3] and 2.8 [2.3-11.6], respectively. The ISL-62 and 98 mg implants demonstrated stable drug release over three months with ISL-triphosphate (ISL-TP) concentr54ations in PBMCs above levels predicted to be efficacious for PrEP. Similarly, ENG implants demonstrated sustained drug release with median [range] plasma ENG levels of 495 [229-1110] pg/mL, which suppressed progesterone within two weeks and showed no evidence of altering ISL pharmacokinetics. Two of the six ISL-98 mg implants broke during the study and induced implant-site reactions, whereas no reactions were observed with intact implants. We show that ISL and ENG biodegradable implants are safe and yield sufficient drug levels to achieve prevention targets. The evaluation of optimized implants with increased mechanical robustness is underway for improved durability and vaginal efficacy in a SHIV challenge model. |
Four methods for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 and influenza a virus activity in schools
Temte J , Goss M , Barlow S , O'Connor DH , O'Connor SL , Ramuta MD , Uzicanin A . JAMA Netw Open 2023 6 (12) e2346329 This cross-sectional study describes 4 parallel approaches used simultaneously to monitor influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 activity within a Wisconsin school district during the Fall 2022 semester and briefly following winter break. | eng |
Widening gender gap in life expectancy in the US, 2010-2021
Yan BW , Arias E , Geller AC , Miller DR , Kochanek KD , Koh HK . JAMA Intern Med 2023 This cross-sectional study systematically examines the contributions of COVID-19 and other underlying causes of death to the widened gender life expectancy gap from 2010 to 2021. | eng |
Comparison of methods to assess adolescent gender identity in the ABCD Study
Dube SL , Johns MM , Robin L , Hoffman E , Potter AS . JAMA Pediatr 2023 This cross-sectional study assesses the reliability and validity of methods used to capture gender identity in Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study participants. | eng |
Influenza antiviral shortages reported by state and territorial public health officials, 2022-2023
Kojima N , Peterson L , Hawkins R , Allen M , Flannery B , Uyeki TM . JAMA 2023 330 (18) 1793-1795 This study provides survey results from state and territorial public health preparedness directors regarding antiviral shortages during the 2022-2023 respiratory viral season. | eng |
Economic burden of US youth violence injuries
Peterson C , Parker EM , D'Inverno AS , Haileyesus T . JAMA Pediatr 2023 This economic evaluation study reports the annual economic burden of youth violence injuries using the most recent national data. | eng |
Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: Insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 Salmonella Typhi genomes
Carey ME , Dyson ZA , Ingle DJ , Amir A , Aworh MK , Chattaway MA , Chew KL , Crump JA , Feasey NA , Howden BP , Keddy KH , Maes M , Parry CM , Van Puyvelde S , Webb HE , Afolayan AO , Alexander AP , Anandan S , Andrews JR , Ashton PM , Basnyat B , Bavdekar A , Bogoch II , Clemens JD , da Silva KE , De A , de Ligt J , Diaz Guevara PL , Dolecek C , Dutta S , Ehlers MM , Francois Watkins L , Garrett DO , Godbole G , Gordon MA , Greenhill AR , Griffin C , Gupta M , Hendriksen RS , Heyderman RS , Hooda Y , Hormazabal JC , Ikhimiukor OO , Iqbal J , Jacob JJ , Jenkins C , Jinka DR , John J , Kang G , Kanteh A , Kapil A , Karkey A , Kariuki S , Kingsley RA , Koshy RM , Lauer AC , Levine MM , Lingegowda RK , Luby SP , Mackenzie GA , Mashe T , Msefula C , Mutreja A , Nagaraj G , Nagaraj S , Nair S , Naseri TK , Nimarota-Brown S , Njamkepo E , Okeke IN , Perumal SPB , Pollard AJ , Pragasam AK , Qadri F , Qamar FN , Rahman SIA , Rambocus SD , Rasko DA , Ray P , Robins-Browne R , Rongsen-Chandola T , Rutanga JP , Saha SK , Saha S , Saigal K , Sajib MSI , Seidman JC , Shakya J , Shamanna V , Shastri J , Shrestha R , Sia S , Sikorski MJ , Singh A , Smith AM , Tagg KA , Tamrakar D , Tanmoy AM , Thomas M , Thomas MS , Thomsen R , Thomson NR , Tupua S , Vaidya K , Valcanis M , Veeraraghavan B , Weill FX , Wright J , Dougan G , Argimón S , Keane JA , Aanensen DM , Baker S , Holt KE . Elife 2023 12 BACKGROUND: The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium was established to bring together the typhoid research community to aggregate and analyse Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Typhi) genomic data to inform public health action. This analysis, which marks 22 years since the publication of the first Typhi genome, represents the largest Typhi genome sequence collection to date (n=13,000). METHODS: This is a meta-analysis of global genotype and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants extracted from previously sequenced genome data and analysed using consistent methods implemented in open analysis platforms GenoTyphi and Pathogenwatch. RESULTS: Compared with previous global snapshots, the data highlight that genotype 4.3.1 (H58) has not spread beyond Asia and Eastern/Southern Africa; in other regions, distinct genotypes dominate and have independently evolved AMR. Data gaps remain in many parts of the world, and we show the potential of travel-associated sequences to provide informal 'sentinel' surveillance for such locations. The data indicate that ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility (>1 resistance determinant) is widespread across geographies and genotypes, with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (≥3 determinants) reaching 20% prevalence in South Asia. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid has become dominant in Pakistan (70% in 2020) but has not yet become established elsewhere. Ceftriaxone resistance has emerged in eight non-XDR genotypes, including a ciprofloxacin-resistant lineage (4.3.1.2.1) in India. Azithromycin resistance mutations were detected at low prevalence in South Asia, including in two common ciprofloxacin-resistant genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The consortium's aim is to encourage continued data sharing and collaboration to monitor the emergence and global spread of AMR Typhi, and to inform decision-making around the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) and other prevention and control strategies. FUNDING: No specific funding was awarded for this meta-analysis. Coordinators were supported by fellowships from the European Union (ZAD received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 845681), the Wellcome Trust (SB, Wellcome Trust Senior Fellowship), and the National Health and Medical Research Council (DJI is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant [GNT1195210]). | Salmonella Typhi (Typhi) is a type of bacteria that causes typhoid fever. More than 110,000 people die from this disease each year, predominantly in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia with limited access to safe water and sanitation. Clinicians use antibiotics to treat typhoid fever, but scientists worry that the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Typhi could render the drugs ineffective, leading to increased typhoid fever mortality. The World Health Organization has prequalified two vaccines that are highly effective in preventing typhoid fever and may also help limit the emergence and spread of resistant Typhi. In low resource settings, public health officials must make difficult trade-off decisions about which new vaccines to introduce into already crowded immunization schedules. Understanding the local burden of antimicrobial-resistant Typhi and how it is spreading could help inform their actions. The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium analyzed 13,000 Typhi genomes from 110 countries to provide a global overview of genetic diversity and antimicrobial-resistant patterns. The analysis showed great genetic diversity of the different strains between countries and regions. For example, the H58 Typhi variant, which is often drug-resistant, has spread rapidly through Asia and Eastern and Southern Africa, but is less common in other regions. However, distinct strains of other drug-resistant Typhi have emerged in other parts of the world. Resistance to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was widespread and accounted for over 85% of cases in South Africa. Around 70% of Typhi from Pakistan were extensively drug-resistant in 2020, but these hard-to-treat variants have not yet become established elsewhere. Variants that are resistant to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone have been identified, and azithromycin resistance has also appeared in several different variants across South Asia. The Consortium’s analyses provide valuable insights into the global distribution and transmission patterns of drug-resistant Typhi. Limited genetic data were available fromseveral regions, but data from travel-associated cases helped fill some regional gaps. These findings may help serve as a starting point for collective sharing and analyses of genetic data to inform local public health action. Funders need to provide ongoing supportto help fill global surveillance data gaps. | eng |
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's hospital sepsis program core elements
Prescott HC , Posa PJ , Dantes R . JAMA 2023 330 (17) 1617-1618 This Viewpoint discusses Hospital Sepsis Program Core Elements, a set of guidance provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to help hospitals develop multiprofessional programs that monitor and optimize management and outcomes of sepsis. | eng |
Out-of-pocket costs and payer types for buprenorphine among US youth aged 12 to 19 years
Terranella A , Guy G Jr , Strahan A , Mikosz C . JAMA Pediatr 2023 This cross-sectional study examines out-of-pocket costs and payer types for buprenorphine prescriptions filled for youth aged 12 to 19 years at US retail pharmacies. | eng |
Next generation 3D-printed intravaginal ring for prevention of HIV and unintended pregnancy
Young IC , Srinivasan P , Shrivastava R , Janusziewicz R , Thorson A , Cottrell ML , Sellers RS , Sykes C , Schauer A , Little D , Kelley K , Kashuba ADM , Katz D , Pyles RB , García-Lerma JG , Vincent KL , Smith J , Benhabbour SR . Biomaterials 2023 301 122260 Globally, there are 20 million adolescent girls and young women living with HIV who have limited access to long-acting, effective, women-controlled preventative methods. Additionally, although there are many contraceptive methods available, globally, half of all pregnancies remain unintended. Here we report the first 3D-printed multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) intravaginal ring (IVR) for HIV prevention and contraception. We utilized continuous liquid interface production (CLIP™) to fabricate MPT IVRs in a biocompatible silicone-based resin. Etonogestrel (ENG), ethinyl estradiol (EE), and islatravir (ISL) were loaded into the silicone poly(urethane) IVR in a controlled single step drug loading process driven by absorption. ENG/EE/ISL IVR promoted sustained release of drugs for 150 days in vitro and 14 days in sheep. There were no adverse MPT IVR-related findings of cervicovaginal toxicity or changes in vaginal biopsies or microbiome community profiles evaluated in sheep. Furthermore, ISL IVR in macaques promoted sustained release for 28 days with ISL-triphosphate levels above the established pharmacokinetic benchmark of 50-100 fmol/10(6) PBMCs. The ISL IVR was found to be safe and well tolerated in the macaques with no observed mucosal cytokine changes or alterations in peripheral CD4 T-cell populations. Collectively, the proposed MPT IVR has potential to expand preventative choices for young women and girls. |
Use of medication for opioid use disorder among adults with past-year opioid use disorder in the US, 2021
Jones CM , Han B , Baldwin GT , Einstein EB , Compton WM . JAMA Netw Open 2023 6 (8) e2327488 This cross-sectional study uses data from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to estimate the receipt of medication for opioid use disorder among US adults with past-year opioid use disorder. | eng |
Evaluation of the durability of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Guatemala (preprint)
Castellanos ME , Rodas S , Juárez JG , Lol JC , Chanquin S , Morales Z , Vizcaino L , Smith SC , Vanden Eng J , Woldu HG , Lenhart A , Padilla N . medRxiv 2020 2020.07.30.20165316 Background Insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) are widely used for the prevention and control of malaria. In Guatemala, since 2006, ITNs have been distributed free of charge in the highest risk malaria-endemic areas and constitute one of the primary vector control measures in the country. Despite relying on ITNs for almost 15 years, there is a lack of data to inform the timely replacement of ITNs whose effectiveness becomes diminished by routine use.Methods We assessed the survivorship, physical integrity, insecticide content and bio-efficacy of ITNs through cross-sectional surveys conducted at 18, 24 and 32 months after a 2012 distribution of PermaNet® 2.0 in a malaria focus in Guatemala. A total of 988 ITNs were analyzed (290 at 18 months, 349 at 24 months and 349 at 32 months).Results The functional survivorship of bednets decreased over time, from 92% at 18 months, to 81% at 24 months and 69% at 32 months. Independent of the time of the survey, less than 80% of the bednets that were still present in the household were reported to have been used the night before. Most of the bednets had been washed at least once (88% at 18 months, 92% at 24 months and 96% at 32 months). The proportion of bednets categorized as “in good condition” per WHO guidelines of the total hole surface area, diminished from 77% at 18 months to 58% at 32 months. The portion of ITNs with deltamethrin concentration less than 10mg/m2 increased over time (14% at 18 months, 23% at 24 months, and 35% at 32 months). Among the bednets for which bioassays were conducted, the percentage that met WHO criteria for efficacy dropped from 90% at 18 months to 52% at 32 months.Conclusion While our assessment demonstrated that nets were in relatively good physical condition over time, the combination of declining bio-efficacy over time and low use rates limited the overall effectiveness of the LLINs. Efforts to encourage the community to retain, use, and properly care for the LLINs may improve their impact. Durability assessments should be included in future campaigns.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe funding for this study was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) via the Amazon Malaria Initiative (AMI), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States of America, Guatemalan Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare and Center for Health Studies and Universidad del Valle de Guatemala. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data and in writing the manuscript.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Oral informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to study inclusion. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Center for Health Studies at Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (Approval Number: 081-06-2013); CDC investigators were not considered to be engaged in human subjects research.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are availa le on request from the senior author, NP. The data are not publicly available due to containing information that could compromise the privacy of participants.GISgeographic information systemGISgeographic information systemGPSGlobal positioning systemIQRinterquartile rangeITNInsecticide-treated bednetLLINlong-lasting insecticide-treated bednetLOESSLocally Weighted Scatterplot SmoothingMoHMinistry of HealthPDApersonal digital assistantTHSAtotal hole surface areatmmedian survival timeWHOWorld Health OrganizationXRFx-ray fluorescence |
A novel rat-tail model for studying human finger vibration health effects
Dong RG , Warren C , Xu XS , Wu JZ , Welcome DE , Waugh S , Krajnak K . Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2023 237 (7) 9544119231181246 It has been hypothesized that the biodynamic responses of the human finger tissues to vibration are among the major stimuli that cause vibration health effects. Furthermore, the finger contact pressure can alter these effects. It is difficult to test these hypotheses using human subjects or existing animal models. The objective of this study was to develop a new rat-tail vibration model to investigate the combined effects of vibration and contact pressure and to identify their relationships with the biodynamic responses. Physically, the new exposure system was developed by adding a loading device to an existing rat-tail model. An analytical model of the rat-tail exposure system was proposed and used to formulate the methods for quantifying the biodynamic responses. A series of tests with six tails dissected from rat cadavers were conducted to test and evaluate the new model. The experimental and modeling results demonstrate that the new model behaves as predicted. Unlike the previous model, the vibration strain and stress of the rat tail does not depend primarily on the vibration response of the tail itself but on that of the loading device. This makes it possible to quantify and control the biodynamic responses conveniently and reliably by measuring the loading device response. This study also identified the basic characteristics of the tail biodynamic responses in the exposure system, which can be used to help design the experiments for studying vibration biological effects. |
- Page last reviewed:Feb 1, 2024
- Page last updated:May 06, 2024
- Content source:
- Powered by CDC PHGKB Infrastructure